This is fascinating! Amazing that it doesn't get more attention. Thanks for working to change that with this excellent piece. I appreciate you recording an audio version, too!
There obviously were advanced civilisations in our distant past. As long as academic literature is stuck in the paradigm of linear development and impervious to alternative hypotheses, it will be of limited use. The same holds true for other areas, like climate change or certain areas as physics.
You can tunnel in rock using stone tools. I havent actually tunneled that way but I’ve cut and broken up rocks. It sucks, but if you have soft or easily shearable rock, and you pound granite or quartz or similar wedges into it, it does work pretty well. I’ve used a log or rock plus a chunk of quartz to do that. A diagonal shaft would be the easiest sort of tunneling to do like that probably, because hucking a boulder from over your head at your wedge on the ground over and over again seems to be the most efficient method of doing it stone age style, rather than a swung mallet, fwiw. It looks ridiculous but it gets results fairly quickly if youre accurate.
I don’t really either, but at the same time it doesnt negate the rest of your thesis if it were somehow proved that stone age tools were used. It could be done over a long period of time. Sorbus domestica levers and granite/quartz can do quite a lot. Particularly if you have a people who are as dedicated as one might be if the sky was regularly trying to kill them. There’s also evidence from Issyk Kull of crazy welding from way back in the day, which wasnt replicated until the 19th or 20th century.
I have been to Derinkuyu. It is a fascinating site for sure, however it is clearly built for defense from invading armies, and not for hiding from radioactive cosmic rays.
This cuts to the core of my thesis. Can we tell if defense against invading armies was its original purpose, or if it was modified thousands of years afterward and repurposed?
It was original purpose, because all the ventilation shafts that were designed to funnel the smoke miles away in order to be not detected. The entrances were hidden underneath houses also in order to hide the entrance. There are sophisticated ways to lock the entrances from inside, which are impossible to open from the outside. Many other features indicating that the primary purpose was to hide from marauders and be able to stay underground for months, together with food storage and animals.
Thank you, Sasha! This sounds like it changes the core of my story. It also opens new mysteries -- What kind of conflict would cause an entire city-state to hide underground? How long could they survive in hiding without coming to the surface to harvest food? It's easier to imagine Schindler hiding Jews from the Nazis than Pitane trying to deceive an invading Roman army.
Cappadocia where this underground city is located is a wide open plateau. It's easy to invade, and this was likely a defense method developed over a long period of time. The rock in that area is soft and easy to carve. We were told that about 5000 people + animals could stay there for several months. There are areas for food storage and for animals. The temperature there is constant about 50F. The design of the city is quite sophisticated and the city itself goes for miles. Only a small portion is open to tourists.
How would people have known to go underground (not just inside of caves), or that the cause of whatever problems they encountered came from the sky? Would there have been visible changes that would go along with - presumably - health or physiological changes that they would have felt or noticed?
How would they have quarried larger stone blocks than we can handle today? How would they have carved mathematical formulas into their granite vases that are accurate to 1/1000 inch? These are all interesting questions. They had technologies that we don't know about today.
Current Background Radiation: On Earth’s surface today, the average radiation dose is about 0.0066 mSv/day (2.4 mSv/year), with variations based on altitude and latitude. This includes cosmic rays (about 0.001 mSv/day at sea level) and terrestrial sources like radon.
During a Reversal: Models suggest that cosmic ray flux could increase by a factor of 2 to 5, depending on the field’s minimum strength and solar activity. Without the magnetic field at full capacity, the cosmic ray contribution could rise to 0.002–0.005 mSv/day at sea level. Adding this to terrestrial sources, the total average might climb to 0.0075–0.012 mSv/day (roughly 2.7–4.4 mSv/year)..."
Thanks -- this is helpful. I'll check your numbers, think about alternative reasons that people might have built underground cities, and comment here if I find anything.
As I said in another post, the reason the ultra-rich elites are building these shelters is to protect them against the global nuclear war they have been trying to provoke. It is utter insanity what they are doing in the Ukraine and many experts in the field are warning us of that, like Jeffrey Sachs for instance.
So that explains why there is medical 💡⏰destruction in full swing. The less people there are; the more the govt.’s 😈🌐can corral smaller crowds to “GOD know’s what”.⁉️🤒😷💡
Regardless of the reason for a city to be built underground, the Harvard paper on superwaves is sobering. A shell-free mud layer in the middle of a thriving ecological history bodes no good at all. Excellent reading--thank you.
I just now had a chance to look at this other paper, thank you. As it happens, I studied Clovis in undergrad a while back and although I didn't keep up with that specific study (not a lot going on, if one's not professionally involved) I tend to agree, I would be extremely surprised if there'd been a major comet event. It just doesn't comport with what I recall.
LaViolette:
"In contrast to the comet theory, the superwave theory predicts an extended hazardous period, one that transpires over thousands of years with varying intensity."
Yes, that sounds better. I am not sure it's necessary to remove humans from the equation entirely--a paleo hunter-gatherer diet that's heavy on the hunter requires a lot of individual animals. And here, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221330542300036X although I unfortunately don't have the time to correlate the various points in time mentioned in LaViolette with this ^ paper's concepts, I think it's true that you might expect to see extinctions of some sort at each of the superwaves--or at least periodically with the stronger sets (sets as one sees in ocean waves--periodically there's an even stronger set).
But, I'd buy a combination of reasons and if there's a partial extraterrestrial reason, the superwave sounds quite reasonable. Regional instabilities coupled with human pressure could I think be a tipping point; thriving vs going extinct isn't a smooth curve. As for the evidence in the ice cores, while I can't critique it, it strikes me as compelling.
Maybe this will interest you--it is a full throated takedown of the comet theory. It also undermines ideas that there was a planet-wide black mat, at least not at once. https://argonaut.arizona.edu/content/5 Everything said in here rings bells for what I recall having studied.
I don't buy it. Radiation levels on the surface of Mars average at 2mSv/day. Anything below 3mSv/day is harmless. On the Moon it is 1mSv/day avg. There are long inhabited places on Earth that get over 1mSv/day of natural radiation, including by inhalation & ingestion of radioisotopes added to what you will get from solar & cosmic radiation. That's without a magnetic field, that is zero, not a weakened magnetic field as will occur on the Earth. And Earth has a thick atmosphere which will substantially attenuate radiation levels.
Where is the mass extinction events when the poles reverse? There isn't any.
Concerning the levels of radiation and what humans can tolerate -- you know more than I do.
Concerning the mass extinction -- there was a megafauna extinction 42,000 years ago that killed off the wooly rhinos, cave bears, and arguably Neanderthal humans.
« […] This must be theoretical, because no one has experienced a pole flip within recorded history. […]»:
According to late Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky (« Worlds In Collision », 1955), Inuits, Africans, Europeans and countless other oral folklores definitely tell the story of our world turning upside down, then back again, these events having been caused by a comet that came in near collision with the Earth. It would have happened less than 10,000 years ago, in other words during historic times.
In the ‘90’s, the archeological site of Göbekli Tepe, Turkey, dated +- 10-12,000 B.C. (historic times), was excavated. Written on stone pillars, the deciphered story told of a bright celestial body suddenly appearing in the sky. For two months, it had been hard to evaluate what it was exactly, and wether it was approaching or not. But then, within two weeks, it grew bigger, its blazing light filling the sky, eclipsing the Sun. George Soros has subsidized this site, which was buried under concrete at 95% in 2024. According to Turkey’s President on a press conference, this was done : « […] for the next generation to rediscover it. […] »
The past 5 years, NASA has failed to see at least 4 huge meteorites (aka the size causing extinction events) closed to Earth’s orbit.
An event of this magnitude involving the encounter with another magnetic celestial body, might have had the Earth flipped, thus corroborating Dr. Velikovsky’s hypothesis. A reversal of the rotation and/or magnetic poles would occur, civilizations and landscapes literally being washed away by translation waves (« Earth In Upheaval »). This could also be the answer to the purpose of troglodytes and caves dwellings around the world.
However, it seems that our generation will never know the end of the story.
That is natural. Magnetic forces of gravity do that as we go from winter to summer. Or are you foolish enough to think that the earth rotates around the sun every year?
This is fascinating! Amazing that it doesn't get more attention. Thanks for working to change that with this excellent piece. I appreciate you recording an audio version, too!
There obviously were advanced civilisations in our distant past. As long as academic literature is stuck in the paradigm of linear development and impervious to alternative hypotheses, it will be of limited use. The same holds true for other areas, like climate change or certain areas as physics.
Thank You, Josh.
I look forward to learning all of the answers in part-2.
;-)
You can tunnel in rock using stone tools. I havent actually tunneled that way but I’ve cut and broken up rocks. It sucks, but if you have soft or easily shearable rock, and you pound granite or quartz or similar wedges into it, it does work pretty well. I’ve used a log or rock plus a chunk of quartz to do that. A diagonal shaft would be the easiest sort of tunneling to do like that probably, because hucking a boulder from over your head at your wedge on the ground over and over again seems to be the most efficient method of doing it stone age style, rather than a swung mallet, fwiw. It looks ridiculous but it gets results fairly quickly if youre accurate.
18 levels? half a million square feet of living space, all with stone age tools? I don't buy it.
I don’t really either, but at the same time it doesnt negate the rest of your thesis if it were somehow proved that stone age tools were used. It could be done over a long period of time. Sorbus domestica levers and granite/quartz can do quite a lot. Particularly if you have a people who are as dedicated as one might be if the sky was regularly trying to kill them. There’s also evidence from Issyk Kull of crazy welding from way back in the day, which wasnt replicated until the 19th or 20th century.
I have been to Derinkuyu. It is a fascinating site for sure, however it is clearly built for defense from invading armies, and not for hiding from radioactive cosmic rays.
This cuts to the core of my thesis. Can we tell if defense against invading armies was its original purpose, or if it was modified thousands of years afterward and repurposed?
It was original purpose, because all the ventilation shafts that were designed to funnel the smoke miles away in order to be not detected. The entrances were hidden underneath houses also in order to hide the entrance. There are sophisticated ways to lock the entrances from inside, which are impossible to open from the outside. Many other features indicating that the primary purpose was to hide from marauders and be able to stay underground for months, together with food storage and animals.
Thank you, Sasha! This sounds like it changes the core of my story. It also opens new mysteries -- What kind of conflict would cause an entire city-state to hide underground? How long could they survive in hiding without coming to the surface to harvest food? It's easier to imagine Schindler hiding Jews from the Nazis than Pitane trying to deceive an invading Roman army.
Cappadocia where this underground city is located is a wide open plateau. It's easy to invade, and this was likely a defense method developed over a long period of time. The rock in that area is soft and easy to carve. We were told that about 5000 people + animals could stay there for several months. There are areas for food storage and for animals. The temperature there is constant about 50F. The design of the city is quite sophisticated and the city itself goes for miles. Only a small portion is open to tourists.
How would people have known to go underground (not just inside of caves), or that the cause of whatever problems they encountered came from the sky? Would there have been visible changes that would go along with - presumably - health or physiological changes that they would have felt or noticed?
How would they have quarried larger stone blocks than we can handle today? How would they have carved mathematical formulas into their granite vases that are accurate to 1/1000 inch? These are all interesting questions. They had technologies that we don't know about today.
This is what Grok has to say about it:
"...Estimated Radiation Levels
Current Background Radiation: On Earth’s surface today, the average radiation dose is about 0.0066 mSv/day (2.4 mSv/year), with variations based on altitude and latitude. This includes cosmic rays (about 0.001 mSv/day at sea level) and terrestrial sources like radon.
During a Reversal: Models suggest that cosmic ray flux could increase by a factor of 2 to 5, depending on the field’s minimum strength and solar activity. Without the magnetic field at full capacity, the cosmic ray contribution could rise to 0.002–0.005 mSv/day at sea level. Adding this to terrestrial sources, the total average might climb to 0.0075–0.012 mSv/day (roughly 2.7–4.4 mSv/year)..."
4.4mSv/yr is a trivial dosage.
Thanks -- this is helpful. I'll check your numbers, think about alternative reasons that people might have built underground cities, and comment here if I find anything.
As I said in another post, the reason the ultra-rich elites are building these shelters is to protect them against the global nuclear war they have been trying to provoke. It is utter insanity what they are doing in the Ukraine and many experts in the field are warning us of that, like Jeffrey Sachs for instance.
So that explains why there is medical 💡⏰destruction in full swing. The less people there are; the more the govt.’s 😈🌐can corral smaller crowds to “GOD know’s what”.⁉️🤒😷💡
Regardless of the reason for a city to be built underground, the Harvard paper on superwaves is sobering. A shell-free mud layer in the middle of a thriving ecological history bodes no good at all. Excellent reading--thank you.
Can you link us to the Superwaves paper, please?
Here is LaViolette making a case for a galactic origin of terrestrial extinctions:
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8a7043a72059d1f4ba353a1d07e1829dc307bed5
I just now had a chance to look at this other paper, thank you. As it happens, I studied Clovis in undergrad a while back and although I didn't keep up with that specific study (not a lot going on, if one's not professionally involved) I tend to agree, I would be extremely surprised if there'd been a major comet event. It just doesn't comport with what I recall.
LaViolette:
"In contrast to the comet theory, the superwave theory predicts an extended hazardous period, one that transpires over thousands of years with varying intensity."
Yes, that sounds better. I am not sure it's necessary to remove humans from the equation entirely--a paleo hunter-gatherer diet that's heavy on the hunter requires a lot of individual animals. And here, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221330542300036X although I unfortunately don't have the time to correlate the various points in time mentioned in LaViolette with this ^ paper's concepts, I think it's true that you might expect to see extinctions of some sort at each of the superwaves--or at least periodically with the stronger sets (sets as one sees in ocean waves--periodically there's an even stronger set).
But, I'd buy a combination of reasons and if there's a partial extraterrestrial reason, the superwave sounds quite reasonable. Regional instabilities coupled with human pressure could I think be a tipping point; thriving vs going extinct isn't a smooth curve. As for the evidence in the ice cores, while I can't critique it, it strikes me as compelling.
Maybe this will interest you--it is a full throated takedown of the comet theory. It also undermines ideas that there was a planet-wide black mat, at least not at once. https://argonaut.arizona.edu/content/5 Everything said in here rings bells for what I recall having studied.
It's the LaViolette paper that you linked that's the one I mean. The discussions of climatic turbulence are quite something.
I don't buy it. Radiation levels on the surface of Mars average at 2mSv/day. Anything below 3mSv/day is harmless. On the Moon it is 1mSv/day avg. There are long inhabited places on Earth that get over 1mSv/day of natural radiation, including by inhalation & ingestion of radioisotopes added to what you will get from solar & cosmic radiation. That's without a magnetic field, that is zero, not a weakened magnetic field as will occur on the Earth. And Earth has a thick atmosphere which will substantially attenuate radiation levels.
Where is the mass extinction events when the poles reverse? There isn't any.
Concerning the levels of radiation and what humans can tolerate -- you know more than I do.
Concerning the mass extinction -- there was a megafauna extinction 42,000 years ago that killed off the wooly rhinos, cave bears, and arguably Neanderthal humans.
The earth is flat. You already know a lot about how our controllers hide things from us. So go deeper into this layer of bullshit as well.
« […] This must be theoretical, because no one has experienced a pole flip within recorded history. […]»:
According to late Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky (« Worlds In Collision », 1955), Inuits, Africans, Europeans and countless other oral folklores definitely tell the story of our world turning upside down, then back again, these events having been caused by a comet that came in near collision with the Earth. It would have happened less than 10,000 years ago, in other words during historic times.
In the ‘90’s, the archeological site of Göbekli Tepe, Turkey, dated +- 10-12,000 B.C. (historic times), was excavated. Written on stone pillars, the deciphered story told of a bright celestial body suddenly appearing in the sky. For two months, it had been hard to evaluate what it was exactly, and wether it was approaching or not. But then, within two weeks, it grew bigger, its blazing light filling the sky, eclipsing the Sun. George Soros has subsidized this site, which was buried under concrete at 95% in 2024. According to Turkey’s President on a press conference, this was done : « […] for the next generation to rediscover it. […] »
The past 5 years, NASA has failed to see at least 4 huge meteorites (aka the size causing extinction events) closed to Earth’s orbit.
An event of this magnitude involving the encounter with another magnetic celestial body, might have had the Earth flipped, thus corroborating Dr. Velikovsky’s hypothesis. A reversal of the rotation and/or magnetic poles would occur, civilizations and landscapes literally being washed away by translation waves (« Earth In Upheaval »). This could also be the answer to the purpose of troglodytes and caves dwellings around the world.
However, it seems that our generation will never know the end of the story.
That is natural. Magnetic forces of gravity do that as we go from winter to summer. Or are you foolish enough to think that the earth rotates around the sun every year?
Has been going on for many years! They have to calibrate it every week so the plane can land right place
Makes you wonder what Musk and Zuckerberg know… space, boring company, underground house etc…
This world is a place, not a planet. Space is fake and ghey. There will be monumental upheaval, but not because of any pole shift. Godspeed.